Water Reclamation and Reuse

Water Reclamation and Reuse: 'Wastewater reclamation' is the treatment or processing of wastewater to make it reusable, while 'wastewater reuse' is using wastewater in a variety of beneficial ways. In addition, 'reclamation' or 'reuse' of water frequently implies the existence of a pipe or other water conveyance facilities for delivering the reclaimed water.

Wastewater Reuse and Reclamation

Water reuse: Water reuse involves taking what was once wastewater, treating and disinfecting it, then using the resulting high-quality reclaimed water for a beneficial use, such as irrigation for golf courses, parks, highway medians, playgrounds and residential properties. The degree of treatment depends on what purpose the water will serve. Irrigation is the most common type of reuse.

Water reclamation: Reclaimed water is wastewater that has been thoroughly treated to remove harmful organisms and substances, such as bacteria, viruses and heavy metals, so it can be reused. By using reclaimed water, communities can conserve traditional freshwater supplies and provide an environmentally responsible alternative to disposal of wastewater.

Water recycling: Recycling generally means reuse of wastewater back in the same cycle where it is generated.

Is Reclaimed Water Safe to Drink?

The water is clear, odorless and safe, but usable for only nondrinking or non-potable water purposes. Reclaimed water is permitted for many non-potable uses, including landscape and commercial agricultural irrigation, groundwater recharge; industrial uses such as cooling, process or wash waters; fire protection; wetlands creation; restoration and enhancement. Water users must understand that reclaimed water cannot be connected to potable water plumbing systems and should not be consumed. Reclaimed water service providers also need to monitor their systems to ensure that there is no cross connection with their potable water systems.

Industrial Water Recycling

Water is used in many industrial processes for cooling, washing, and incorporation into products. Industry accounts for almost a quarter of worldwide water use, and this figure will increase as economic development advances. Most of this water is used for activities that heat or pollute water, but that do not consume it the way agricultural irrigation does. Thus, much potential exists for recycling and reusing industrial water. More than 40 percent of reclaimed water in Japan goes to meet industrial water use needs.

Potable Reuse Models

Direct Potable Reuse: In direct potable reuse, the liquid waste or sewage of a wastewater treatment plant is sent directly into the intake of a drinking-water treatment and distribution plant. It involves the most technologically advanced water treatment processes, and the water must meet strict drinking-water standards.

Indirect Potable Reuse: Indirect potable reuse is the addition of reclaimed water to a natural water supply (like a river or aquifer) before drawing it for drinking water. Many communities use this method downstream of municipal discharge points.